DRDO Prepares Test of Shaurya NG Hypersonic Missile with Advanced Evasion Capabilities

India

NEW DELHI — March 27, 2026 : The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is preparing to conduct a test of the Shaurya Next Generation (NG), an upgraded hypersonic surface-to-surface missile designed to improve survivability against modern air defence systems while maintaining precision strike capability. Technical Upgrades Focus on Evasion and Accuracy The Shaurya NG introduces significant enhancements in flight profile and terminal-phase performance. Unlike traditional ballistic missiles that follow predictable parabolic trajectories, the system employs a quasi-ballistic trajectory, allowing mid-course adjustments and high-G manoeuvres during the final phase of flight. This manoeuvrability reduces predictability and complicates interception by advanced anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems. The missile is specifically engineered to evade modern layered air defence networks through these unpredictable flight paths. To maintain accuracy under such conditions, DRDO has integrated an indigenous multi-mode seeker combining Imaging Infra-Red (IIR) and active radar guidance. The system is designed to operate effectively despite the extreme thermal and plasma conditions generated during hypersonic flight, ensuring sustained target lock throughout the terminal phase. Speed, Range, and Launch Configuration Powered by a two-stage solid-fuel rocket motor, the Shaurya NG is capable of speeds exceeding Mach 7. The missile has an operational range estimated between 700 and 1,000 kilometres. The system is canisterised, meaning it is stored and transported in a sealed, climate-controlled launch tube that also functions as the launch platform. This configuration supports long-term storage with minimal maintenance requirements. Operational deployment is based on road-mobile transporter erector launcher (TEL) vehicles. The system is designed for rapid response, with launch readiness achievable in under five minutes. A gas generator mechanism ejects the missile from the canister before ignition of the main rocket motor, improving launch safety and reliability. Background and System Evolution The Shaurya missile family forms part of India’s broader strategic missile programme and is derived from the K-15 Sagarika submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM), though the programmes have been described as distinct in certain official contexts. The original Shaurya missile, first successfully tested in 2011, is a two-stage solid-fuel system approximately 10 metres in length and 0.74 metres in diameter, with a launch weight of around 6.2 tonnes. It is capable of carrying payloads ranging from 200 to 1,000 kilograms, including both conventional and nuclear warheads. Earlier variants demonstrated ranges between 700 and 1,900 kilometres depending on configuration and achieved speeds of up to Mach 7.5. Next-Generation Enhancements and Test Objectives The Shaurya NG incorporates multiple upgrades over earlier versions, including improved terminal manoeuvrability, the integration of the multi-mode seeker, and enhanced resistance to plasma interference during hypersonic flight. The upcoming test will focus on validating these improvements, particularly the seeker performance, manoeuvrability under high-G conditions, and overall effectiveness against modern air defence threats. No official date for the test has been announced. The system is intended to strengthen India’s precision-strike capabilities, with emphasis on rapid deployment, survivability, and effectiveness in contested operational environments.

BDL Completes First-Off Production Model of Advanced Akash Air Defence System, Clearing Path for Induction

India

NEW DELHI / HYDERABAD — March 26, 2026 : Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) has completed the First-off Production Model (FOPM) of the Advanced Akash Weapon System, marking a key milestone in the program’s transition from development and validation to serial production. The update was disclosed through a regulatory filing on Thursday, confirming that the system is now ready for manufacturing and induction into service with the Indian Armed Forces. The Advanced Akash system has been developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), with BDL serving as the designated production agency responsible for delivering complete weapon systems. The completion of the FOPM establishes a production-standard configuration, verifying that the system meets all design specifications, quality benchmarks, and operational requirements set by the military. System Overview and Capability Enhancements The Advanced Akash is an upgraded version of India’s indigenous medium-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) system, designed to provide area air defence in all-weather conditions. The system has an engagement range of approximately 40 kilometres and is capable of intercepting a range of aerial threats, including fighter aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and cruise missiles. The upgraded variant incorporates multiple improved sub-systems aimed at enhancing accuracy, response time, and combat effectiveness. During evaluation trials, the system demonstrated a high level of precision in engaging diverse aerial targets under varied operational conditions. Among the key enhancements is the integration of an advanced radio frequency (RF) seeker, which enables improved target identification and more accurate interception. The command and control architecture has also been upgraded, including enhancements to radar systems that allow simultaneous tracking and engagement of multiple targets. The system is equipped with electronic counter-countermeasure (ECCM) capabilities, allowing it to operate effectively in contested environments where electronic jamming or interference is present. These upgrades collectively improve the system’s ability to function in modern electronic warfare scenarios. Transition to Production and Deliveries The completion of the FOPM represents a critical stage in defence manufacturing, as it validates the production process prior to large-scale manufacturing. It ensures that the production model aligns precisely with the approved design and performance parameters established during testing phases. With this milestone achieved, BDL is set to begin full-scale production of the Advanced Akash Weapon System. According to the company’s filing, deliveries to the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force are expected to commence shortly. The system is designed for seamless integration into existing ground-based air defence networks operated by both services. It will provide medium-range air defence coverage and contribute to the protection of critical assets and formations against aerial threats. Role in India’s Air Defence Architecture The Advanced Akash Weapon System forms part of India’s layered air defence framework, which is structured to address threats at varying ranges and altitudes. Within this architecture, the system is intended to secure medium-range airspace and complement longer-range systems such as the S-400. By filling operational gaps between short-range and long-range air defence systems, the Advanced Akash enhances overall network resilience and response capability. Its ability to engage multiple targets simultaneously supports modern battlefield requirements, where saturation attacks and mixed threat environments are increasingly common. Indigenous Development and Industrial Role The Akash family of missile systems represents a significant component of India’s indigenous defence manufacturing efforts. DRDO has led the system’s design and development, while BDL has been responsible for production, integration, and delivery. BDL stated that the completion of the FOPM validates its manufacturing processes and readiness for scaled production. The program supports broader national objectives aimed at strengthening domestic defence capabilities and reducing reliance on imported systems. The Advanced Akash Weapon System is expected to play a central role in enhancing India’s air defence preparedness as it moves into operational deployment with frontline units in the near term.

BDL Set Up Two New Manufacturing Units in Ibrahimpatnam and Jhansi to Scale Up Missile and Munitions Output

India

NEW DELHI — March 25, 2026 : Indian state-owned aerospace and defence manufacturer Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) has announced the establishment of two new manufacturing facilities at Ibrahimpatnam (Telangana) and Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh), as part of a broader capacity expansion plan aligned with the growing operational requirements of the Indian armed forces and the government’s self-reliance initiatives. The two facilities are expected to be inaugurated shortly, with full-scale manufacturing operations scheduled to commence in the financial year 2026–27 (FY27). The expansion is supported by BDL’s current order book of approximately ₹26,000 crore, along with anticipated additional orders worth ₹15,000 crore expected during FY27. Expansion to Support Production Scale-Up The new units are being developed to augment BDL’s existing manufacturing network, which includes facilities in Hyderabad, Bhanur, Ibrahimpatnam (Telangana), and Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh). The expansion is intended to increase throughput across multiple missile and munitions programs while reducing dependence on external supply chains, particularly in propulsion and energetics. Ibrahimpatnam Facility: Assembly and Advanced Testing The Ibrahimpatnam unit, located near Hyderabad, is being configured as an integrated assembly and testing hub for advanced weapon systems. The facility will house eight dedicated assembly lines designed to support both current and next-generation weapon systems. These lines are expected to enable scalable production in response to future procurement requirements. In addition to assembly infrastructure, the site will incorporate specialized in-house testing capabilities, including a rocket motor testing facility and a warhead penetration testing facility. These are intended to validate performance parameters, ensure reliability, and improve production yield prior to deployment. The facility is also positioned to support increased manufacturing of surface-to-air missile systems, including new-generation variants. Jhansi Facility: Propellants, Energetics, and Rocket Production The Jhansi facility, located within the Uttar Pradesh Defence Corridor, will focus on propulsion systems, chemical energetics, and bulk munitions production. A primary function of the unit will be the manufacturing of missile and rocket propellants to meet BDL’s growing internal demand. This is expected to reduce reliance on external suppliers and strengthen supply chain integration. The facility will also undertake bulk production of Grad rockets, which are standard artillery munitions used by the Indian armed forces. In addition, the Jhansi unit will house a dedicated research and development (R&D) component focused on the development of advanced energetics. It will also support the production of propulsion systems for anti-tank guided missiles and future missile programs. Increased Output of Key Weapon Systems The operationalisation of the Ibrahimpatnam and Jhansi facilities is expected to significantly increase production volumes across BDL’s existing portfolio of missile systems and underwater weapons. A key focus area is the Akash Weapon System, an indigenously developed, mobile, all-weather surface-to-air missile system capable of engaging aerial targets such as fighter aircraft, cruise missiles, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The system has a range of up to 30 km and can engage targets at altitudes of up to 18 km. It incorporates Electronic Counter-Counter Measures (ECCM) and is currently deployed by both the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force. BDL has already increased monthly production of Akash missiles from 50 to 100 units to meet existing orders. Major contracts, including a ₹8,161 crore order signed in 2023 for two regiments of the Indian Army, have driven the requirement for further scaling up production. The new assembly lines at Ibrahimpatnam are expected to support this increased demand. Broader Missile and Weapons Portfolio In addition to the Akash system, the expanded manufacturing capacity will support a wide range of BDL-produced weapon systems across multiple domains. These include surface-to-air missile systems such as the Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile (MRSAM), Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile (QRSAM), and Vertically Launched Short-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (VLSRSAM). The company also manufactures the Astra beyond-visual-range (BVR) air-to-air missile for the Indian Air Force. Its anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) portfolio includes systems such as MILAN 2T, Konkurs, Invar, and Helina (Dhruvastra), designed for heavy armor engagement. BDL’s air-to-surface capabilities include the Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon (SAAW), while its underwater systems include the Advanced Lightweight Torpedo (TAL) and the Heavyweight Torpedo (Varunastra), both used by the Indian Navy for anti-submarine warfare. Additional systems in production include Multi-Influential Ground Mines (MIGM), Counter Measures Dispensing Systems, and Grad rockets. Alignment with Defence Industrial Policy The establishment of the Jhansi facility within the Uttar Pradesh Defence Corridor aligns with ongoing government efforts to develop regional defence manufacturing hubs. The initiative is aimed at strengthening domestic industrial capacity, promoting indigenous design and production, and reducing import dependency in critical defence technologies. The integration of propellant manufacturing, advanced energetics research, and in-house testing infrastructure across the two new facilities represents a step toward greater vertical integration within BDL’s production ecosystem. With the addition of these facilities, Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) is expected to enhance its ability to meet current and future requirements of the Indian armed forces while supporting long-term objectives under the ‘Make in India’ framework.

Indian Air Force Launches ‘Vayu Baan’ Program for Helicopter-Deployed Loitering Munitions

India

NEW DELHI — March 25, 2026 : According to report, the Indian Air Force (IAF) has initiated ‘Vayu Baan’ (Air Arrow), an indigenous program to develop a helicopter-launched unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system capable of performing both surveillance and precision strike missions. The project is being led by the IAF’s Directorate of Aerospace Design (DAD), with a formal Request for Proposal (RFP) issued through the Regional Aerospace Innovation Division–Gandhinagar (RAID-GN), inviting bids exclusively from domestic industry. The Vayu Baan initiative marks a structured move toward integrating Air-Launched Effects (ALE) into India’s rotary-wing operations. The system is designed to be deployed directly from helicopters in flight, enabling stand-off engagement and reconnaissance without exposing aircrew to high-risk air defence environments. System Design and Deployment Concept Vayu Baan is engineered as a compact, autonomous drone that can be released from a helicopter’s hatch or door while airborne. After deployment, the UAV is designed to fall to a safe separation distance before automatically deploying its wings and initiating powered flight. Once stabilized, it transitions into a guided mission profile controlled either from the launching helicopter or from ground-based control stations. The system supports dual operational roles. It can function as an intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) platform using onboard electro-optical and infrared (EO/IR) sensors, or as a loitering munition capable of executing a precision strike using an integrated warhead. The architecture allows for multiple drones to be deployed sequentially from a single helicopter, enabling limited swarm-like operations during missions. Operational Capabilities and Technical Parameters According to RFP specifications and associated defence sources, the UAV must meet defined performance criteria. The system requires a minimum control range of 10 kilometres from the launch platform. In autonomous mode, it must achieve a range exceeding 50 kilometres with approximately 30 minutes of endurance, or up to 80 kilometres with a reduced endurance of 15 minutes. The altitude envelope for operations is specified between 150 feet and 8,000 feet, allowing flexibility across low-level and moderate-altitude missions. Payload capacity is defined between 500 grams and 1,000 grams, with interchangeable mounting options to accommodate mission-specific equipment. Payload configurations include an EO/IR sensor suite for surveillance and target acquisition, a minimum 500-gram high-explosive warhead for strike missions, and provisions for integration with standard 57 mm and 80 mm launch tubes, although the rockets themselves are not part of the current procurement scope. The UAV is required to incorporate advanced navigation and mission systems, including the ability to operate in GNSS-denied environments where GPS signals may be degraded or jammed. Additional features include AI-enabled target identification, real-time video telemetry, autonomous waypoint navigation, and configurable strike profiles. Procurement Scope and Timeline The initial procurement outlined in the RFP includes 10 UAV units, supported by two airborne control stations for onboard helicopter operation and two ground control stations for remote mission management. The package also includes associated payloads, spares, and integration components. The IAF has placed the Vayu Baan program on an accelerated development schedule. The complete cycle—covering design, development, payload integration, helicopter drop trials, and high-altitude testing—is expected to be completed within 12 months from the date of contract signing. Full delivery and system integration are also required within this timeframe. Operational Role and Strategic Utility The primary operational objective of Vayu Baan is to extend the engagement envelope of rotary-wing platforms while reducing vulnerability to threats such as man-portable air-defence systems (MANPADS). By enabling stand-off deployment, helicopters can conduct surveillance and strike missions beyond visual range without entering heavily defended zones. The system also enhances mission flexibility by allowing both airborne and ground-based control, supporting dynamic tasking during operations. Its autonomous navigation and targeting capabilities further reduce operator workload while maintaining precision engagement capability. International Context With the launch of Vayu Baan, India enters a limited group of countries actively developing air-launched unmanned systems for operational use. Globally, such systems remain in early deployment or advanced demonstration phases. In the United States, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has demonstrated mid-air launch and recovery of unmanned systems under the Gremlins program using C-130 transport aircraft. Parallel efforts under the U.S. Army’s Air-Launched Effects framework are focused on integrating similar capabilities onto platforms such as the UH-60 Black Hawk and AH-64 Apache helicopters. China has also demonstrated air-deployed drone swarm concepts, including launches from platforms such as the Xi’an H-6 bomber, although these systems are not widely reported to be in operational service. The Vayu Baan program reflects India’s focus on developing indigenous, networked aerial capabilities that integrate manned and unmanned systems for future operational requirements.

India and Japan Move to Finalise Joint Production of Advanced UNICORN Naval Mast

India

NEW DELHI — March 24, 2026 : According to theprint , India and Japan are nearing the finalisation of co-production and co-development arrangements for the UNICORN mast system, in what is set to become the first major joint defence manufacturing project between the two countries under their technology transfer framework. The development was outlined by Japanese Ambassador to India Ono Keiichi during remarks at the International Conference on India-Japan Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific, organised by the India Foundation in New Delhi. The envoy stated that bilateral security cooperation, particularly in the maritime domain, has matured significantly, and both countries are now focusing on enhancing interoperability across land, sea, air, and emerging technological domains. Advancing a Flagship Defence Technology Project The UNICORN (Unified Complex Radio Antenna), also known as NORA-50, represents one of the most advanced integrated naval antenna systems currently in operational use. Developed by a Japanese industrial consortium led by NEC Corporation, alongside Sampa Kogyo K.K. and The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd., the system has been deployed on the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force’s Mogami-class multirole frigates. The system consolidates a wide range of communication and sensing functions—including radar-waveband omnidirectional detection, communication-waveband direction finding, Wi-Fi-band connectivity, Link 16 data links, UHF/VHF transmission and reception, Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN), and Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) response—into a single enclosed radome structure mounted on a unified mast. This design replaces the conventional arrangement of multiple exposed antennas, resulting in measurable operational advantages. Performance Gains in Stealth and Detection The UNICORN mast’s enclosed architecture significantly reduces a vessel’s radar cross-section (RCS) by eliminating external antenna clutter and enclosing systems within a fibre-reinforced plastic radome designed for low observability. This reduction in electronic signature enhances survivability by making naval platforms more difficult to detect and track. In addition, the internal configuration optimises antenna placement, reducing electromagnetic interference between systems. This improves bandwidth efficiency and enables secure, high-speed communications across multiple frequency ranges. It also enhances the maximum detection range for incoming radio-frequency signals, strengthening early warning capabilities against threats such as incoming missiles and unmanned systems. The system incorporates features such as integrated lightning protection and weather-resistant construction, improving durability in maritime environments. Its modular design allows for entire mast units to be replaced as a single component, simplifying maintenance cycles and enabling damaged units to be serviced onshore without prolonged vessel downtime. Integration into India’s Naval Capability Under the planned agreement, Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) will co-develop and co-produce the UNICORN mast in collaboration with Japanese partners. The system is expected to be integrated into Indian Navy platforms, replacing legacy solutions such as the Advanced Composite Communication System (ACCS). The introduction of the UNICORN system is expected to provide Indian naval vessels with improved stealth characteristics, enhanced maritime domain awareness, and more robust communication capabilities. These upgrades are particularly relevant for operations in the Indo-Pacific, where electronic warfare and detection avoidance are increasingly critical. Evolution of India-Japan Defence Ties The UNICORN project builds on a defence relationship that has evolved steadily since the signing of the Agreement on Transfer of Defence Equipment and Technology (2015). Ambassador Ono noted that bilateral ties have expanded across four key pillars encompassing diplomatic, security, economic, and technological cooperation. A Memorandum of Cooperation (MoC) for the UNICORN mast was signed in November 2024, making India the second Asian country after the Philippines to enter into such an arrangement with Japan. Discussions on technology transfer were further advanced during talks between External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar and Japan’s then Foreign Minister Toshimitsu Motegi during a visit to New Delhi in January. Economic Security and Industrial Cooperation Beyond defence manufacturing, both countries are also increasing engagement in economic security. Ambassador Ono highlighted ongoing efforts to build resilience against supply chain disruptions and economic coercion. The first business-to-business (B2B) dialogue on economic security between Indian and Japanese stakeholders is scheduled to take place later this week. Japan, under Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi, is accelerating its defence modernisation agenda. Tokyo is on track to raise defence spending to two percent of GDP by FY2026. The government is also expediting the revision of three key national security documents, aiming to complete the process one year ahead of schedule. Regional Security Context The deepening India-Japan partnership is unfolding against a backdrop of evolving security challenges in the Indo-Pacific. Ambassador Ono reiterated Japan’s concerns regarding regional stability, including the presence of a nuclear-armed North Korea and increasing strategic competition with China. Japan has maintained its position against unilateral attempts to alter the regional status quo by force. Recent tensions between Tokyo and Beijing have intensified following remarks by Prime Minister Takaichi indicating that Japan’s Self-Defense Forces (SDF) could be mobilised in the event of a contingency involving Taiwan. Although Japan, like India and many other countries, does not formally recognise Taiwan as an independent state, the comments prompted a series of responses from China. These included the deployment of naval assets, restrictions on rare earth exports, curbs on Chinese tourist travel, and the recall of two giant pandas previously loaned to Japan. Expanding Strategic Alignment Japan also reaffirmed its commitment to multilateral frameworks such as the Quad, viewing them as mechanisms to promote a free, open, and rules-based Indo-Pacific. Ambassador Ono stated that India and Japan are aligning both militarily and economically to address shared challenges, while strengthening interoperability and industrial cooperation. The finalisation of the UNICORN mast co-production agreement is expected to mark a significant step in this broader trajectory, linking advanced defence technology collaboration with long-term strategic alignment between the two countries.

Indian Army Plans to Convert 2,400 T-72 Tanks into Unmanned Combat Platforms Under MUM-T Warfare

India

NEW DELHI — March 24, 2026 : The Indian Army is progressing with a programme to convert its fleet of legacy T-72 main battle tanks into remotely operated and autonomous armoured combat platforms, aiming to extend their operational service life by 15 to 20 years beyond the planned retirement timeline beginning around 2030. The initiative targets a fleet of approximately 2,400 Soviet-origin T-72 tanks, which have formed the backbone of the Army’s armoured corps since their induction in 1979, including units licence-produced domestically. These tanks have been deployed across varied operational environments, including plains, desert sectors, and high-altitude regions such as Ladakh, as well as in overseas missions like the Indian Peacekeeping Force deployment in Sri Lanka. Programme Objective and Strategic Rationale The conversion effort is designed as a cost-effective alternative to immediate large-scale procurement of new main battle tanks, while supporting the Army’s transition toward network-centric and technology-driven warfare. By repurposing existing platforms into unmanned systems, the Army intends to maintain force levels and operational capability during the transition to future platforms such as the Future Ready Combat Vehicle (FRCV), expected to begin induction from 2030 onward. Under the plan, the upgraded T-72 platforms will be capable of operating as optionally manned or fully unmanned systems. The conversion focuses on preserving the tanks’ existing mechanical reliability while integrating advanced digital and autonomous capabilities. Operational Role and MUM-T Integration The programme is aligned with the Army’s Manned-Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T) doctrine, which integrates crewed and uncrewed systems to improve battlefield effectiveness. Within this framework, the converted T-72 units are intended to operate alongside manned platforms such as the T-90, functioning as force multipliers. Operational roles identified for the unmanned T-72 platforms include minefield entry and breaching, forward assault operations, reconnaissance patrols, and decoy missions. These roles are specifically suited for high-risk environments where reducing crew exposure is a priority. The platforms are expected to operate ahead of manned formations, absorbing initial engagement, identifying enemy positions, and enabling safer maneuvering for crewed units. The MUM-T concept, including the use of such “loyal wingman” ground systems, was validated during field exercises conducted in 2025. Development Framework and ADITI Scheme The project has moved from conceptual planning into the development phase following the release of a requirements document by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh on March 19, 2026. The programme is being executed under the fourth edition of the Acing Development of Innovative Technologies with iDEX (ADITI) scheme, part of the Ministry of Defence’s Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) initiative aimed at promoting domestic defence industry participation. The Ministry has opened the programme to private defence companies and technology firms, initiating a competitive process for industry collaboration. Technical Requirements and Prototype Development According to the Army’s requirements, selected industry partners will be tasked with developing an autonomous conversion kit that enables the T-72 to operate in both optionally manned and fully unmanned modes. A key requirement is the integration of an IP-based digital interface, allowing seamless connectivity with higher-level command and control networks while retaining the platform’s core mechanical systems. The scope of development includes multiple advanced technology domains such as robotics, sensor fusion, automation, guidance, navigation, and control systems. These technologies are intended to provide situational awareness, remote operation capability, and varying degrees of autonomy. As part of the initial phase, industry participants are required to deliver two fully functional prototypes of the autonomous kit. These prototypes will undergo validation and field testing before any decision is made on large-scale retrofitting across the T-72 fleet. Current Status and Parallel Upgrades As of the release of the requirements document, no contracts have been awarded and no prototypes have been produced. The selection of industry partners and subsequent development process will proceed under the ADITI framework. In parallel with the unmanned conversion programme, the Army continues to implement upgrades to portions of the existing T-72 fleet. These include the recent installation of indigenously developed Thermal Imaging Fire Control Systems on 96 tanks, aimed at improving targeting and night-fighting capability. These upgrades are separate from the autonomous conversion effort. Role in Future Force Structure The T-72 conversion programme is positioned as an interim capability enhancement as the Army prepares for the gradual induction of next-generation armoured platforms. By extending the utility of existing assets and integrating them into a MUM-T operational architecture, the Army aims to maintain operational readiness while adapting to evolving battlefield requirements. The initiative reflects a broader shift toward incorporating unmanned systems into conventional armoured operations, with an emphasis on reducing risk to personnel and enhancing operational flexibility through technology integration.

DRDO Moves Beyond GaN, Develops Gallium Oxide for Future Radar and EW Capabilities

India

NEW DELHI — March 23, 2026 : India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has initiated development of Gallium Oxide (Ga₂O₃) semiconductor technology for next-generation radar and electronic warfare (EW) systems, following the successful indigenisation and operational integration of Gallium Nitride (GaN) devices across multiple defense platforms. The programme is being led by the Solid State Physics Laboratory (SSPL) in Delhi and represents a transition toward ultra-wide bandgap (UWBG) semiconductor materials aimed at supporting future high-power, high-frequency defense electronics. Gallium Oxide Technology and Core Properties Gallium Oxide (Ga₂O₃) is classified as a fourth-generation ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor with a bandgap of approximately 4.8–4.9 electron volts (eV), compared with 3.4 eV for GaN and 1.1 eV for silicon. The material exhibits a critical breakdown electric field of around 8 megavolts per centimetre (MV/cm), more than double that of GaN at 3.3 MV/cm. These properties enable devices based on Ga₂O₃ to operate at higher voltages, deliver greater power density, and support more compact high-frequency radio-frequency (RF) systems. In practical terms, Ga₂O₃ is intended to enable the development of high-efficiency power amplifiers for Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radars, allowing increased transmission power from smaller antenna modules and improved signal resolution. Applications in Radar and Electronic Warfare Ga₂O₃-based devices are expected to support next-generation AESA radar systems with enhanced detection capabilities, particularly against low-observable (stealth) targets. Defense estimates indicate that such systems could potentially detect and track stealth aircraft at ranges between 360 and 600 kilometers, depending on system configuration and integration. In electronic warfare applications, the material’s high power-handling capability supports wideband jamming, signal intelligence, and electronic countermeasure operations, enabling more effective disruption of adversary radar and communication systems. The technology is also applicable to space-based systems, including missile warning sensors and radiation-hardened electronics, due to its inherent resistance to high-radiation environments. Development Work and Institutional Roles The SSPL is currently focused on establishing indigenous epitaxial growth processes for Ga₂O₃ materials. These processes form the foundation for high-performance electronic and optoelectronic devices, including solar-blind ultraviolet photodetectors capable of detecting missile launches, rocket plumes, and aircraft exhaust signatures without interference from sunlight. Following material development and optimization, prototype Ga₂O₃ monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) are planned to be transferred to the Gallium Arsenide Enabling Technology Centre (GAETEC) in Hyderabad for fabrication of RF and microwave components. DRDO has also initiated collaborative programmes with academic institutions, including the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Ropar, focusing on process optimisation and development of thermally stable Ga₂O₃-based devices. Comparison with GaN-Based Systems GaN technology currently underpins several modern Indian radar systems, including the Uttam AESA radar, offering improved efficiency and performance over earlier gallium arsenide (GaAs)-based systems. Key comparative parameters between GaN and Ga₂O₃ include: Bandgap: GaN (3.4 eV) vs Ga₂O₃ (4.8–4.9 eV) Breakdown Field: GaN (3.3 MV/cm) vs Ga₂O₃ (~8 MV/cm) Electron Mobility: GaN (>1,500 cm²/V·s) vs Ga₂O₃ (~150–300 cm²/V·s) Thermal Conductivity: GaN (>200 W/m·K) vs Ga₂O₃ (10–27 W/m·K) While Ga₂O₃ offers superior voltage handling and power density, it has significantly lower thermal conductivity, which presents a primary engineering challenge. To address this, DRDO is evaluating advanced thermal management approaches, including integration with silicon carbide (SiC) or diamond substrates, as well as specialized packaging and cooling techniques. Manufacturing and Material Advantages Unlike GaN, which relies heavily on complex epitaxial growth processes, Ga₂O₃ can be produced using melt-growth techniques such as Czochralski and edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) methods. These processes allow for the production of larger wafers at potentially lower cost, supporting scalability for future applications. This manufacturing advantage is expected to play a role in long-term adoption, particularly if thermal challenges are resolved. Global Development Landscape Ga₂O₃ technology remains in the research and prototyping phase globally, with no country having fielded operational radar or EW systems based on the material as of March 2026. Japan leads in material synthesis and commercialisation of α-Ga₂O₃ devices, with companies such as FLOSFIA and Novel Crystal Technology advancing large-wafer production. United States programmes, supported by the Department of Defense, DARPA, and the Air Force Research Laboratory, focus on high-voltage electronics, RF systems, and radiation-hardened devices, with companies such as Kyma Technologies involved in supply chain development. China is pursuing Ga₂O₃ for military applications, with research institutions reporting progress in crystal growth and integration aimed at compact radar systems. South Korea and Germany are developing Ga₂O₃ primarily for power electronics, with indirect applications in defense sectors. Programme Status and Outlook DRDO’s Ga₂O₃ initiative is currently in the advanced laboratory research and prototyping stage, with ongoing work focused on material purity, epitaxial growth, device architecture, and thermal management solutions. No timelines have been disclosed for transition to operational systems. The programme represents a long-term effort to develop indigenous ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor capabilities, building on existing GaN infrastructure. The transition to Ga₂O₃ is intended to position India among a limited group of countries capable of developing next-generation high-power semiconductor technologies for future radar and electronic warfare systems.

Indian Air Force Issues RFI for High-Altitude Micro UAVs for Garud Special Forces

India

NEW DELHI — March 23, 2026 : The Indian Air Force (IAF) has issued a Request for Information (RFI) for the procurement of a next-generation Micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) system intended for high-altitude surveillance and reconnaissance operations by its Garud Special Forces unit. The requirement outlines a compact, man-portable UAV system designed to support special operations in extreme terrain, particularly at altitudes exceeding 16,000 feet. The initiative forms part of the IAF’s broader effort to enhance situational awareness, targeting capability, and operational flexibility in mountainous frontier regions. System Configuration and Portability Requirements According to the RFI, the complete Micro UAV system must be fully man-portable and optimized for rapid deployment in field conditions. The total system weight is specified at approximately 12 kg (±20 percent), with an overall load not exceeding 25 kg (±20 percent). The entire system must be packed into two all-weather tactical backpacks. Each system is required to include two aerial vehicles, rechargeable spare battery packs, one man-pack ground control system, two remote video terminals with control functionality, two electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) stabilized gimbal payloads, one power supply and universal charging system, two RF data link sets, two carry backpacks, and a field repair kit. The UAV must support vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) from confined or unprepared terrain, enabling deployment in areas where conventional launch and recovery options are not available. Assembly and disassembly time is limited to 15 minutes, with system boot-up required within 20 seconds. A default climb profile to 30 meters is specified to ensure obstacle clearance during launch. High-Altitude Performance and Environmental Standards The UAV system is required to operate at launch altitudes up to 16,400 feet above mean sea level and achieve at least 1,700 feet above ground level during flight. Performance specifications include a mission radius of not less than 15 kilometers under line-of-sight conditions and a minimum flight endurance of 60 minutes. The system must maintain stable operation in wind speeds up to 30 km/h during vertical take-off and landing and up to 50 km/h during flight. Environmental resilience requirements include compliance with IP56 standards for dust and drizzle resistance. The UAV must operate within a temperature range of minus 20°C to plus 50°C and be capable of storage between minus 30°C and plus 55°C, with relative humidity tolerance up to 90 percent at 30°C. Acoustic signature is limited to below 40 dB(A) at 300 meters above ground level. The system must meet military standards including MIL-STD-461 and MIL-STD-810 for electromagnetic compatibility, environmental durability, and operational stress. Sensor Payload and Detection Capabilities The UAV is required to carry a compact, stabilized EO/IR gimbal payload for day and night operations. The day camera must provide full HD resolution (minimum 1920 × 1080), with continuous optical zoom of at least 30x, a wide field of view of at least 28 degrees, and a narrow field of view not exceeding 2 degrees. The system must be capable of identifying human targets at distances up to 1,000 meters during daylight and 800 meters at night. Vehicle targets must be identifiable at up to 1,500 meters during daylight and 1,200 meters at night. The infrared sensor must offer a minimum resolution of 640 × 480 pixels, with at least 4x optical zoom to support night-time surveillance. Onboard Processing and Software Integration The RFI specifies onboard GPU-based processing capabilities to enable real-time video analytics, including automated target tracking, moving target indication, and autonomous engagement modes. The system must support simultaneous streaming of EO and IR feeds and provide onboard video recording capacity of up to eight hours. Software integration requirements include compatibility with defense geospatial systems, including WGS-84 datum and Indian Military Grid Reference formats. The UAV must feature modular architecture, built-in test equipment, and software upgradability in accordance with Government of India IT policies. Communication and Electronic Warfare Resilience The UAV system must incorporate secure, encrypted, military-grade RF data links capable of operating in GPS-denied and electronically contested environments. The communication system must be resistant to jamming and support seamless control transfer between ground control stations and remote video terminals. Ground control systems and terminals must be ruggedized and capable of sustained field operations, with sufficient battery endurance to support extended missions. Lifecycle, Training, and Support Requirements The UAV platform must have an operational life of at least seven years or 500 landings, whichever occurs earlier, with a system shelf life of 10 years. Ground control systems, payloads, and communication equipment are also required to meet a minimum operational life of seven years. Battery systems must support at least two years of service or 1,000 recharge cycles. The procurement includes a training requirement for 30 operator personnel and 30 maintenance personnel, to be conducted in two batches over two weeks each. Training must include sufficient flight instruction to qualify personnel to train others. Procurement Framework and Timeline The RFI is issued under the Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020, with procurement categorized under “Buy (Indian)” and requiring a minimum of 60 percent indigenous content. Responses are invited from original equipment manufacturers and authorized representatives, with submissions due by April 20, 2026, to the Directorate of Operations (Offensive)/Garud at Air Headquarters. The RFI does not constitute a financial commitment, and the Ministry of Defence retains the right to amend or withdraw the requirement. Shortlisted vendors will be invited for subsequent stages, including request for proposal issuance and “No Cost No Commitment” field trials in high-altitude and extreme-weather conditions. Operational Context The requirement reflects the Indian Air Force’s ongoing effort to expand unmanned capabilities tailored to special operations forces operating in high-altitude regions such as the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and Line of Control (LoC). By deploying compact, intelligent UAV systems, the IAF aims to enhance reconnaissance reach, improve targeting precision, and reduce operational risk for personnel operating in challenging terrain.

DRDO Completes Initial Development Trials for Project Kusha Long-Range Air Defence System

India

NEW DELHI — March 22, 2026 : India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation, in collaboration with Bharat Electronics Limited, has completed the first development trials of Project Kusha, marking a transition from preliminary design and ground validation to the next phase of flight testing for the indigenous long-range air defence system. The milestone, reported by Times Now and supported by official updates, represents a key step in advancing India’s domestic extended-range air defence capabilities under the Extended Range Air Defence System (ERADS) programme. System Overview and Operational Role Project Kusha is designed as a multi-layered, network-centric air defence system capable of protecting military bases, strategic infrastructure, and major urban centres from a wide spectrum of aerial threats. These include fighter aircraft, stealth platforms, cruise missiles, tactical ballistic missiles, drones, and airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) systems. The system architecture incorporates advanced active electronically scanned array (AESA) radars, enabling simultaneous tracking of multiple targets, automated threat prioritisation, and coordinated missile engagements. This allows the creation of overlapping engagement zones, increasing defensive depth and reducing adversary operational flexibility. Three-Tier Interceptor Structure Project Kusha is built around a family of three interceptor missiles, each designed for distinct engagement ranges and threat profiles: M1 Interceptor : The short-to-medium range variant, designed for engagements in the 100–150 kilometre range, targets tactical aircraft, precision-guided munitions, and low-flying threats. Initial development trials, including structural fabrication and subsystem validation, have been successfully completed. The system is now preparing for imminent flight testing, including validation of its dual-pulse solid rocket motor. M2 Interceptor : The mid-tier interceptor extends coverage to approximately 250 kilometres, bridging medium- and long-range defence requirements. Development efforts are focused on enhancing propulsion efficiency and integrating advanced radar seekers to counter high-speed and manoeuvring targets. M3 Interceptor : The long-range variant is designed for engagements beyond 350 kilometres, potentially reaching up to 400 kilometres under optimised conditions. It is intended to neutralise high-value airborne assets, including strategic bombers, reconnaissance platforms, and certain ballistic threats at extended stand-off distances. The phased development ensures that all three layers operate in a complementary and redundant configuration, strengthening survivability and interception reliability. Development Progress and Industrial Role The initial development trials covered fabrication, subsystem integration, and ground-based validation of key components. With these milestones achieved, the programme is transitioning toward flight evaluations, beginning with the M1 interceptor in the near term. Project Kusha was approved by the Cabinet Committee on Security in May 2022, followed by an Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) issued by the Ministry of Defence in September 2023 for the procurement of five squadrons for the Indian Air Force, at an estimated cost of ₹21,700 crore (approximately $2.6 billion). Subsequent planning has expanded the projected requirement to up to eight squadrons, with overall programme costs estimated at around ₹40,000 crore. Bharat Dynamics Limited, along with BEL, is responsible for manufacturing, system integration, and scaling production infrastructure. Timeline and Induction Plans Following the completion of initial trials, flight testing of the M1 interceptor is expected in the coming months of 2026. Progressive testing of the M2 and M3 variants is planned through 2027 and 2028, followed by user trials conducted by the Indian Air Force. Initial operational capability for the M1 variant is projected by 2028, while full deployment of the complete three-tier system is targeted around 2030. Defence officials have indicated that early testing results have been positive, supporting confidence in the programme’s transition into advanced development stages. Integration with Mission Sudarshan Chakra Project Kusha is a central component of Mission Sudarshan Chakra, India’s planned nationwide, AI-enabled, multi-layered air defence network, announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on August 15, 2025. The initiative aims to integrate multiple systems into a unified architecture, including Akash-NG, Quick Reaction Surface-to-Air Missile (QRSAM), Very Short-Range Air Defence (VSHORAD) systems, as well as existing platforms such as Barak-8 and the S-400 (locally designated Sudarshan Chakra). The framework is designed to incorporate space-based surveillance, AI-driven decision-making, and future directed-energy systems, enabling real-time threat detection, tracking, and response across multiple domains. Strategic and Industrial Implications Project Kusha reflects India’s broader objective of achieving self-reliance in defence manufacturing and reducing dependence on imported systems. By developing an indigenous long-range air defence capability comparable to advanced global systems, India aims to strengthen its strategic autonomy and ensure control over critical technologies and supply chains. The programme is also expected to create opportunities for future exports of advanced air defence systems to partner nations, subject to operational maturity and policy approvals. In addition, a naval variant of the system is under consideration for integration with future warships, including planned destroyers under Project 18. The progression of Project Kusha into flight testing marks a significant stage in India’s long-term effort to build a comprehensive and layered air and missile defence capability aligned with evolving threat environments.

DRDO Issues RFI for Establishment of National Aero Engine Test Complex in Raman Nagar, Karnataka

India

BENGALURU / RAMANAGAR — March 20, 2026 : The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has released a Request for Information (RFI) through its Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) to establish the National Aero Engine Test Complex (NAETC). The proposed facility will be located in Raman Nagar, Karnataka, and is intended to provide India with comprehensive, independent ground-based testing infrastructure for aero engines and their critical sub-systems. The NAETC will comprise the following specialised test facilities: High Altitude Engine Test Facility – Simulates extreme high-altitude conditions (low pressure, low temperature, reduced oxygen) to evaluate engine starting, relight, performance, surge margin, and stability without requiring actual high-altitude flight tests. Fan and Compressor Test Facility – Dedicated to aerodynamic and mechanical performance assessment of fan and compressor stages, including efficiency, pressure ratio, surge/stall characteristics, and blade vibration. Combustor Test Facility – Enables detailed testing of combustion chambers for fuel-air mixing, flame stability, combustion efficiency, emissions, liner durability, and heat transfer under realistic operating conditions. Turbine Test Facility – Focuses on turbine stage performance, cooling effectiveness, aerodynamic efficiency, material behaviour under high thermal and centrifugal loads, and creep/fatigue evaluation. Afterburner Test Facility – Specifically designed for testing afterburner systems, measuring thrust augmentation, combustion stability, infrared signature, thermal management, and durability during reheat operation. The establishment of the NAETC marks a significant step toward self-reliance in aero-engine development and certification. At present, India depends on foreign test facilities—particularly in Russia, France, and the United States—for certain high-altitude, afterburner, and advanced sub-system trials. This reliance has contributed to delays in key indigenous programs. The facility will directly support ongoing and future propulsion initiatives, most notably the Kaveri engine programme. The dry variant (Kaveri Derivative Engine / KDE), producing approximately 49–51 kN of thrust, has already undergone extensive ground runs, high-altitude simulation tests in Russia, and limited flight evaluations. Parallel efforts are advancing an afterburning configuration, commonly referred to as Kaveri 2.0 or the afterburning Kaveri variant. In February 2026, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh witnessed a successful full afterburner ignition and operation test of the Kaveri derivative engine at GTRE Bengaluru. Following multiple design iterations, material improvements (including enhanced single-crystal turbine blades and advanced thermal barrier coatings), and integration of a new afterburner module developed with industry partners such as BrahMos Aerospace, the engine demonstrated thrust in the 80–83 kN range during afterburning mode. This positions the afterburning Kaveri 2.0 closer to the thrust class of contemporary fighter engines like the GE F404 (used in Tejas Mk1A) and opens the possibility of future integration into manned fighter platforms after additional qualification and flight testing. Only a limited number of countries possess fully integrated, state-of-the-art aero-engine test complexes that include all these capabilities in a single ecosystem: United States – Extensive infrastructure at the Arnold Engineering Development Complex (AEDC), with large high-altitude simulation cells and specialised component rigs. France – Advanced altitude and propulsion test facilities at CEPr (Centre d’Essais des Propulseurs). Russia – Long-established high-altitude simulation chambers and component test beds. China – Rapidly expanded high-altitude simulation platforms and large-scale test complexes in recent years. United Kingdom and Germany – Sophisticated test infrastructure operated by industry (e.g., Rolls-Royce) and research organisations. The NAETC will enable faster design validation, reduce the financial and logistical burden of overseas testing, shorten certification timelines, allow greater control over proprietary technologies, and strengthen national security in a strategically sensitive domain. It will benefit multiple programmes, including further maturation of the Kaveri family, development of next-generation high-thrust engines for the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA), and other military propulsion requirements. The RFI invites detailed responses from Indian companies, global original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), specialised test-facility integrators, joint ventures, and consortia with proven experience in building advanced aero-engine test infrastructure. Industry submissions, initially due in mid-June following the RFI release, will help refine technical specifications, cost estimates, and implementation models. Subsequent steps include stakeholder consultations and progression toward formal procurement, contingent on Defence Acquisition Council approval. This project forms part of India’s broader push for Atmanirbhar Bharat in defence aviation and aligns with parallel international cooperation efforts, including the National Aero Engine Mission, engagements with France, and joint studies with the United Kingdom, aimed at building sustained capability in aero-propulsion technologies.

India Explores Joining GCAP or FCAS as MoD Studies 6th-Generation Fighter Partnerships

India

NEW DELHI — March 18, 2026 : India is evaluating potential participation in next-generation fighter aircraft development programs, with the Ministry of Defence (MoD) examining options to join either the Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP) or the Future Combat Air System (FCAS), according to a parliamentary report tabled in the Lok Sabha. The report, submitted to the Standing Committee on Defence, confirms that discussions remain at an exploratory stage. No formal commitment has been made, but the assessment reflects a strategic effort to align India’s long-term airpower capabilities with emerging global standards in sixth-generation combat aviation. Parliamentary Assessment and Strategic Context The Ministry of Defence informed lawmakers that participation in an international sixth-generation fighter consortium could complement India’s domestic aerospace programs while accelerating access to advanced technologies. The Indian Air Force (IAF) has emphasized the need for a timely decision, citing rapid progress in comparable programs globally, particularly developments in China’s next-generation fighter initiatives. The IAF’s position highlights concerns over maintaining operational and technological parity in the coming decades. Officials indicated that collaboration with an established consortium would enable India to integrate into a broader “system-of-systems” combat framework, which is expected to define future air warfare. Indigenous AMCA Remains Core Priority The MoD clarified that the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) program will remain the central pillar of India’s fighter modernization plan. The AMCA, classified as a fifth-generation platform with elements of sixth-generation capability, is scheduled for rollout by the end of 2028. Its first flight is targeted for early 2029, with induction into the Indian Air Force expected in the mid-2030s. According to the parliamentary briefing, any international partnership would be structured to support—not replace—the AMCA program. The dual-track approach aims to preserve domestic design and manufacturing capabilities while enabling access to advanced technologies that would otherwise require extended development timelines. Technology Objectives and Capability Focus The report outlines that participation in either GCAP or FCAS would provide India with exposure to a range of emerging combat technologies. These include artificial intelligence-enabled combat clouds, manned-unmanned teaming (MUM-T), drone swarm integration, and directed energy systems. Such technologies form the foundation of sixth-generation air combat concepts, which extend beyond traditional fighter aircraft to include networked, multi-domain operations involving autonomous systems and real-time data integration. Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP) The Global Combat Air Programme is a trilateral initiative involving the United Kingdom, Italy, and Japan. The program aims to field a sixth-generation fighter aircraft by 2035. Development is expected to formally begin in 2025, with a demonstrator aircraft scheduled to fly in 2027. Entry into service is planned from 2035 onward. The program operates through the Edgewing joint venture, which includes BAE Systems (UK), Leonardo (Italy), and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (Japan). Financial commitments from partner nations include: Japan has allocated approximately ¥700 billion (around $4.4 billion) for research and development between 2023 and 2027. Italy has approved €8.77 billion for initial phases, with projected expenditure rising to €18.6 billion through 2035–2037. The United Kingdom has committed £2 billion since 2021 and outlined a broader investment exceeding £12 billion over the next decade. Program officials have reaffirmed the 2035 deployment target. While minor administrative delays have occurred—primarily related to contract approvals and the UK’s Defence Investment Plan—industry assessments indicate that these issues are not expected to significantly affect the overall timeline. Future Combat Air System (FCAS) The Future Combat Air System is a European program led by France, Germany, and Spain, with Belgium participating in an observer or transitional role. The FCAS is designed as a comprehensive system centered on a Next-Generation Fighter (NGF), supported by remote carrier drones and a digital combat cloud. The program targets entry into service around 2040. A technology demonstrator is expected to fly between 2027 and 2029. The total development cost is estimated to exceed €100 billion, with Germany anticipated to contribute approximately one-third of the funding. The program is currently in Phase 1B, supported by a €3.2 billion budget focused on demonstrator development and technology maturation. However, the FCAS program is facing industrial challenges. Ongoing disagreements between Dassault Aviation (France) and Airbus (Germany and Spain) over workshare distribution and leadership of the NGF component have delayed progression to Phase 2, now expected in 2026. Public statements from industry leadership have highlighted the risk of structural divergence within the program, including proposals for alternative development pathways. Despite these issues, India has engaged in bilateral discussions with France as recently as February 2026, indicating continued interest in FCAS technologies, particularly in sensor fusion and combat cloud architecture. Policy Approach and Outlook The parliamentary report outlines a balanced acquisition strategy that combines indigenous development with selective international collaboration. By continuing to prioritize the AMCA program, India aims to maintain sovereign design and production capabilities. At the same time, potential participation in GCAP or FCAS would provide early access to advanced operational concepts and technologies expected to define air combat beyond 2035. Officials noted that discussions with both consortia remain preliminary. Any future decision will depend on program stability, industrial arrangements, cost-sharing structures, and alignment with India’s long-term defence objectives. The evaluation reflects a broader shift in India’s defence planning toward integrating domestic capability development with participation in global high-technology ecosystems, particularly in areas where timelines and complexity present significant challenges for standalone development.

India’s Solar Defence Successfully Conducts First Private-Sector Proof Trials of 24 Pinaka ER Rockets at Pokhran

India

POKHRAN, Rajasthan — March 18, 2026 : Solar Defence & Aerospace Limited, a subsidiary of Solar Industries India Limited, has successfully conducted the maiden proof trials of production batches of the Pinaka Extended Range (ER) rocket system at the Pokhran Field Firing Range. The trials involved the flight testing of 24 rockets drawn from two separate production lots. The evaluation focused on key operational parameters, including accuracy, consistency of flight performance, and target effectiveness under field conditions. According to the company, all rockets met the required specifications and performed within prescribed standards. This marks the first instance of an Indian private-sector company carrying out proof trials for production lots of the Pinaka rocket system, a process historically undertaken by government-run defence manufacturing entities. System Overview and Capabilities The Pinaka ER is a 214 mm unguided artillery rocket developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). It is an extended-range variant of the Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher system, increasing the strike range from approximately 37 km (Mk-I) to around 75 km. The rocket is compatible with existing Pinaka launch platforms, which are capable of firing 12 rockets in a single salvo. The system is designed to provide area-saturation fire support and is deployed with Indian Army artillery regiments for engaging large-area and deep targets. Production and Contracts Solar Defence & Aerospace Limited, based in Nagpur, is among the designated production agencies for the Pinaka system under technology transfer from DRDO. The company manufactures multiple variants of the rocket, including Area Denial Munition (ADM) and High Explosive Pre-Fragmented (HEPF) versions. Solar Industries India Limited previously secured a contract valued at approximately ₹6,084 crore for the supply of Pinaka rockets to the Indian Army. In addition to domestic production, the company has also initiated exports of guided Pinaka rocket systems to Armenia. Role of Proof Trials The proof trials are part of the standard certification process required before induction of production batches into service. These trials verify that rockets manufactured in series production meet the quality, safety, and performance benchmarks established by DRDO and the Indian Army. Successful completion of the trials confirms the readiness of the tested batches for operational deployment. Industrial and Strategic Significance The development reflects a broader shift in India’s defence manufacturing ecosystem, with increased participation from the private sector in the production of critical military systems. It also supports ongoing efforts to expand domestic manufacturing capacity and reduce reliance on single-source suppliers. Solar Defence stated that the successful trials validate its manufacturing processes and quality assurance systems for the Pinaka ER programme. The company is expanding production capacity at its facilities to meet both domestic requirements and export demand. Further user evaluations and additional production clearances for subsequent Pinaka ER batches are expected as part of the induction process.

India Developing Photonic Radar for AMCA Mk2 to Enable Ultra-High-Resolution Target Detection

India

NEW DELHI — March 17, 2026 : India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is advancing the development of optical photonic radar modules intended for integration into the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) Mk2, marking a transition from conventional semiconductor-based radar systems toward light-based sensing architectures. The technology is being aligned with the AMCA Mk2 development schedule, with integration targeted for the mid-2030s. Following the successful site acceptance testing of India’s baseline photonic radar system in August 2025, the program places India among a limited group of countries, including the United States, China, and Israel, working on photonic radar applications for military aviation. Transition from Electronic to Photonic Radar Systems Conventional radar systems, including modern Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radars based on Gallium Nitride (GaN) technology, rely on electronic circuits and semiconductor components to generate, transmit, and process radio frequency (RF) signals. The photonic radar under development replaces key electronic subsystems with optical technologies such as Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs), lasers, and fiber-optic networks. Instead of generating RF signals purely through electronic oscillators, the system uses laser sources and optical modulation techniques to produce and process radar signals. A central mechanism in this architecture is optical heterodyning, where two laser beams with slightly different frequencies are combined. The interaction between these beams generates a beat frequency that falls within the RF or microwave domain. This approach enables the generation of highly stable, low-noise signals across a wide frequency spectrum. Because the signal processing occurs in the optical domain, the system can access significantly larger instantaneous bandwidths, extending into the terahertz range. This removes several limitations of electronic systems, including bandwidth constraints, thermal inefficiencies, and phase noise associated with semiconductor devices. Operating Principle and Signal Processing In a photonic radar system, a laser source generates coherent light, which is then modulated with radar waveforms using electro-optic modulators. These optical signals are transmitted through fiber-optic channels and converted into RF signals for emission via antenna arrays. When reflected signals return from a target, they are captured and converted back into optical signals. These are then processed using photonic signal processors, which analyze frequency shifts, phase variations, and time delays to determine target distance, velocity, and structural characteristics. The use of optical signal paths reduces electromagnetic interference within the system and enables high-speed data transfer between subsystems. Additionally, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) allows multiple signals—such as radar, communications, and electronic warfare data—to be transmitted simultaneously over a single optical fiber by using different light wavelengths. High-Resolution Target Detection One of the primary characteristics of photonic radar is its resolution. The system under development is designed to achieve approximately 1.3-centimeter resolution, significantly higher than conventional radar systems. This level of precision enables detailed imaging of airborne targets, including the ability to resolve structural features and small mechanical elements. The wide bandwidth and multi-frequency operation allow the radar to illuminate targets across a broad spectrum, improving detection of low-observable or stealth aircraft. Traditional stealth designs rely on shaping and radar-absorbent materials (RAM) to reduce reflections in specific frequency bands. Photonic radar’s ability to operate across wider frequency ranges reduces the effectiveness of such measures, improving detection probability. Resistance to Electronic Warfare Photonic radar systems offer increased resilience against electronic warfare (EW) and jamming. Since signal generation and processing occur in the optical domain, the system is less susceptible to conventional RF jamming techniques that target electronic circuits. The architecture also supports rapid frequency agility and advanced frequency-hopping methods. Combined with low phase noise and wide bandwidth, these features complicate adversary attempts to interfere with or deceive the radar system. Integration with Aircraft Systems The use of fiber-optic infrastructure enables integration of multiple onboard functions within a unified architecture. Through wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), radar, communications, and electronic warfare systems can operate concurrently over shared optical networks. This approach offers several system-level advantages: Weight Reduction: Fiber-optic cables replace heavier copper wiring, reducing overall aircraft weight. Improved Processing Speed: Optical data transmission enables faster signal handling and reduced latency. Reduced Electromagnetic Interference: Optical systems are immune to electromagnetic cross-talk between onboard electronics. The distributed nature of photonic systems also supports future “smart skin” aircraft designs. In such configurations, sensors embedded across the airframe allow the aircraft’s surface to function as a continuous sensing array, providing near 360-degree coverage. Development Status and Testing Development of the photonic radar is being led by DRDO’s Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE). The system is based on microwave photonics (MWP) principles and has progressed beyond initial prototyping. Following site acceptance testing, the radar has entered integration trials, including evaluations in anechoic chamber environments. Testing is being conducted on a modified HAL Tejas Mk1A platform to validate performance parameters under controlled conditions. Flight trials of the indigenous photonic radar system are expected to begin in the late 2025 to early 2026 timeframe, focusing on validating resolution, detection capability, and resistance to interference. Role in AMCA Mk2 Program The AMCA Mk2 is planned as an advanced variant of India’s indigenous fifth-generation fighter, featuring enhanced payload capacity, extended range, and improved stealth characteristics compared to the initial Mk1 configuration. While near-term AMCA variants are expected to use advanced GaN-based AESA radars, the photonic radar is being developed for later integration as the technology matures. The system is intended to enhance long-range detection, precision targeting, and survivability in contested electromagnetic environments. Broader Applications and Future Roadmap The photonic radar program forms part of DRDO’s broader roadmap to transition beyond traditional AESA systems toward next-generation sensing technologies, including photonic and potentially quantum-based architectures. Beyond fighter aircraft, the technology has potential applications in naval platforms, missile defense systems, and integrated air defense networks, where high-resolution sensing and resistance to electronic interference are critical. The project remains in the technology maturation phase, with continued testing and validation planned over the coming years. No official timeline has been released for full operational deployment beyond its alignment with the AMCA Mk2 program in the mid-2030s.

NIA Arrests 6 Ukrainians and 1 U.S. Citizen Over Alleged Weapons and Drone Training for Insurgent Groups Targeting India

India

NEW DELHI — March 17, 2026 : India’s National Investigation Agency (NIA) has arrested seven foreign nationals, including six Ukrainian citizens and one American, in a counter-terrorism operation linked to alleged support for insurgent groups operating along the India–Myanmar border. The arrests were carried out on March 13, 2026, at airports in Delhi, Lucknow, and Kolkata as the individuals attempted to leave the country. A Special NIA Court at Patiala House Courts in New Delhi, presided over by Additional Sessions Judge Prashant Sharma, granted 11 days of NIA custody for all seven accused on March 16. The custody period extends until March 27, 2026. The case has been registered under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), with the agency citing national security concerns and the need for custodial interrogation to determine the full scope of the alleged network, including funding channels, logistics, and possible local links. Arrests and Movement Across India According to officials, the American national was detained in Kolkata, while the six Ukrainian nationals were apprehended in Delhi and Lucknow. Investigators stated that all seven had entered India on valid tourist visas but later violated visa conditions by traveling to restricted and protected areas in Mizoram without obtaining the mandatory permits. From Mizoram, the group allegedly crossed into Myanmar through informal border routes. The NIA has described this movement as a key component of the case, linking Indian territory to cross-border insurgent activity. Alleged Role in Training and Drone Supply The NIA alleges that the group was involved in providing specialized military training to Myanmar-based Ethnic Armed Groups (EAGs). These groups are known to operate in regions bordering India and have documented linkages with insurgent organizations active in India’s northeastern states. Investigators state that the training included weapons handling, drone operations, drone assembly, and electronic countermeasures such as jamming technology. The agency further alleges that the accused facilitated the illegal movement of large consignments of drones sourced from Europe into Myanmar via Indian territory. Officials believe the drones were intended for operational use by EAGs in surveillance and combat roles, raising concerns about the potential spillover of such capabilities into Indian territory. Identities of the Accused The six Ukrainian nationals have been identified as Hurba Petro, Slyviak Taras, Ivan Sukmanovskyi, Stefankiv Marian, Honcharuk Maksim, and Kaminskyi Viktor. The American national has been identified as Matthew Aaron Van Dyke. Background of Matthew Aaron Van Dyke Matthew Aaron Van Dyke, born in Baltimore, Maryland USA, holds a master’s degree in Security Studies from Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. He initially traveled across the Middle East and North Africa as a documentary filmmaker and motorcycle traveler. During the 2011 Libyan Civil War, Van Dyke joined anti-government rebel forces fighting against Muammar Gaddafi. He was captured during the conflict and held in solitary confinement for nearly six months before returning to the battlefield after his release. In 2014, following the killings of American journalists James Foley and Steven Sotloff by ISIS, Van Dyke founded Sons of Liberty International (SOLI), a U.S.-based non-profit organization. The organization provides military training, logistical support, and consulting services to groups engaged in conflicts against terrorist organizations and authoritarian regimes. SOLI’s early activities included training the Nineveh Plain Protection Units (NPU), an Assyrian militia in Iraq. Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the organization expanded its operations to support the Armed Forces of Ukraine, including tactical training, supply efforts, and demining programs for unexploded ordnance. Van Dyke has maintained a public profile through social media, where he has documented his activities across multiple conflict zones, including Libya, Iraq, Syria, and Ukraine. Investigation Focus and Security Concerns The NIA has described the case as part of a broader conspiracy with implications for India’s internal security. Investigators are examining whether the activities extended beyond training and logistics into direct operational support affecting Indian territory. The agency is also analyzing financial transactions, procurement channels for drone equipment, and potential coordination with local insurgent networks in India’s Northeast. Officials indicated that the case forms part of ongoing efforts to dismantle cross-border insurgency and terror financing networks operating along the India–Myanmar frontier, a region long affected by porous borders and militant activity. Public Reaction and Ongoing Probe Videos showing NIA officials escorting the accused at airports circulated widely on social media following the arrests, leading to early identification of the American suspect before official confirmation through court filings. As of March 17, no official statements have been issued by the United States or Ukrainian authorities regarding the arrests. The seven accused remain in NIA custody as the investigation continues. Authorities are expected to present further findings in court upon completion of the current remand period.

India Slams USCIRF Report, Opposes CPC Designation and Sanctions on R&AW, RSS

India

NEW DELHI — March 17, 2026 : The Government of India has firmly rejected the 2026 annual report issued by the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF), describing its findings as “biased, motivated, and selective.” The response follows recommendations by the U.S. body to designate India as a “Country of Particular Concern” (CPC) and to impose targeted sanctions on entities including the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). USCIRF Report and Key Recommendations The USCIRF report, which evaluates global religious freedom conditions during 2025, urged the U.S. State Department to classify India under the CPC category, a designation reserved for countries accused of “systematic, ongoing, and egregious” violations of religious freedom. In a significant escalation compared to previous years, the commission explicitly recommended targeted sanctions against R&AW and the RSS. These measures include potential asset freezes and travel bans on associated individuals. The report further proposed linking future U.S. security cooperation and bilateral trade engagement with India to measurable improvements in religious freedom conditions. Additional recommendations included invoking provisions under the Arms Export Control Act to restrict defense exports to India and encouraging the U.S. Congress to advance legislation such as the Transnational Repression Reporting Act, aimed at monitoring alleged overseas actions targeting minority communities. India’s Official Response India’s Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) issued a strong rebuttal, rejecting the report’s conclusions in their entirety. MEA spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal stated that the report presents a “distorted and selective picture of India” and relies on “questionable sources and ideological narratives rather than objective facts.” According to the MEA, the USCIRF has repeatedly engaged in what it termed “selective targeting,” arguing that such assessments undermine the commission’s credibility. Indian officials emphasized that the country’s democratic framework and pluralistic society are not accurately reflected in the report. Concerns Over Diaspora and U.S. Domestic Issues In its response, India also highlighted concerns about incidents within the United States, including attacks and vandalism targeting Hindu temples and reported cases of intimidation faced by members of the Indian diaspora. Officials suggested that the USCIRF should address such developments domestically rather than issuing what New Delhi views as one-sided external criticism. Broader Debate on U.S. Policy and Double Standards The developments have contributed to a broader geopolitical debate regarding perceived inconsistencies in U.S. foreign policy. Analysts and officials in multiple countries have, over time, raised concerns about what they describe as a dual standard in Washington’s approach to human rights and sovereignty. In this context, questions are often directed toward the role of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and its historical global operations. Various governments and observers have cited past allegations and documented instances involving covert interventions, including: Claims of involvement in targeted operations against foreign scientific and strategic personnel Allegations of indirect or covert support to armed non-state actors in conflict zones Historical instances of political interference and support for regime change in different regions Countries frequently referenced in such discussions include Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and several African nations, where political instability and external influence have been subjects of long-standing debate among scholars and policymakers. Observers note that such interventions, whether confirmed or alleged, have at times contributed to prolonged instability, internal conflict, and humanitarian consequences in affected regions. These concerns are often cited in international discourse when evaluating the credibility of U.S. positions on governance and human rights. India Reaffirms Position on Sovereignty India reiterated that it does not accept external assessments that it considers politically driven or lacking objectivity. Officials stressed that matters related to internal governance, social harmony, and legal frameworks remain within the country’s sovereign domain. The government also emphasized that India’s institutional structure, constitutional protections, and longstanding tradition of religious diversity continue to guide its approach to governance. Background and Ongoing Context The USCIRF, established in 1998, is an independent, bipartisan advisory body of the U.S. government tasked with monitoring religious freedom globally. While its recommendations are not binding, they often inform policy discussions within the U.S. administration and Congress. India has consistently rejected USCIRF findings in previous years as well, maintaining that the commission’s assessments do not accurately reflect ground realities. As of now, there has been no official response from the U.S. State Department or the White House regarding the report’s specific recommendations.

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