AVADI, — May 23, 2026 : Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited (AVNL) delivered the 1000th T-90(IM) tank to the Indian Army on May 22, 2026 . The tank was produced at the Heavy Vehicles Factory (HVF) of AVNL in Avadi, near Chennai.
The T-90(IM), also designated as the T-90 Bhishma in Indian service, is a main battle tank manufactured under licence from Russia. Production at HVF began with the assembly of tanks supplied in semi-knocked-down and completely-knocked-down kits following a 2001 contract for 310 tanks, of which 124 were completed in Russia and the remainder assembled in India. A subsequent 2006 agreement provided for the licensed production of 1,000 T-90S/SK tanks at HVF. The first fully indigenous T-90S tanks rolled out from the facility in 2009.
In November 2019, the Indian Army contracted for an additional 464 tanks of an upgraded configuration, designated T-90 Mk III (Bhishma Mk III). Deliveries of the first batch of 10 such tanks took place in May 2024, with the remainder scheduled over the following five years. The 1000th T-90(IM) delivered today forms part of this ongoing licensed production programme.
AVNL, established in 2021 as a public sector undertaking following the restructuring of the Ordnance Factory Board, oversees tank production at HVF. The factory, located in Avadi and operational since 1965, has manufactured a range of armoured vehicles including the T-72 Ajeya, Arjun MBT, and Vijayanta tanks, in addition to the T-90 series.
Production has progressed from initial assembly of imported components to deep indigenisation of major systems. AVNL has achieved full localisation of the V-92S2 engine used in the T-90 Bhishma, along with engines for the T-72 and BMP-2 platforms. Overall indigenisation levels for the T-90 have reached high percentages, with continued efforts on subsystems such as electromagnetic turret traverse systems to replace older hydraulic drives. These developments have reduced reliance on imported parts.
The T-90 Bhishma is equipped with a 125 mm smooth-bore main gun capable of firing guided missiles, APFSDS, HEAT, and HE rounds at a rate of eight rounds per minute. It has a crew of three, weighs 46.5 tonnes, and is powered by a 1,000 hp engine providing a power-to-weight ratio of 21.5 hp per tonne. Maximum road speed is 60 km/h. Additional features include explosive reactive armour, CBR protection, smoke grenade launchers, and fording capability up to 5 metres with a snorkel.
The Indian Army operates the T-90 Bhishma as a key element of its armoured formations, alongside the T-72 fleet. The delivery brings the total number of T-90 tanks produced under the programme to 1,000 units at HVF/AVNL. AVNL continues production and upgrade work on armoured vehicles to support army requirements.
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