Russia Proposes F-22-Style Stealth Nozzle for India’s AMCA, Tied to Selection of Izdeliye 177S Engine

In a significant move that could shape the future of India's indigenous fifth-generation fighter jet program, Russia has offered to co-develop an advanced flat engine nozzle for the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA). However, this offer comes with a major condition—India must choose Russia's newly developed Izdeliye 177S engine to power the AMCA.

This proposal, which emerged during the Aero India 2025 exposition and subsequent bilateral discussions, underscores Russia’s desire to deepen its long-standing defence collaboration with India. With the AMCA aiming to be a true fifth-generation stealth fighter, incorporating cutting-edge avionics, supercruise capability, and low observability, the choice of engine will be a defining factor in its operational success.

The Engine Dilemma: Izdeliye 177S vs Western Alternatives

India's AMCA Mark 1 is currently planned to use the American General Electric F414 engine, which generates around 98 kN of thrust. However, for the AMCA Mark 2, the Indian Air Force (IAF) requires a significantly more powerful engine—ideally in the 110-130 kN range—to enable supercruise and enhance overall combat capabilities.

The Russian Izdeliye 177S engine presents an enticing option. Developed by United Engine Corporation (UEC), a subsidiary of Rostec, the 177S reportedly offers 142 kN of thrust with an afterburner. It incorporates advanced stealth features, inspired by the AL-51 (Izdeliye 30) engine designed for Russia’s Su-57 "Felon" fighter, and promises improved fuel efficiency, better thrust-to-weight ratio, and an operational lifespan of up to 6,000 hours—three times that of the AL-31FP engines currently powering India’s Su-30 MKI fleet.

However, India has other options. France’s Safran has expressed interest in co-developing a 110 kN-class engine based on the Rafale’s M88 core, while the United States has been exploring potential avenues for technology transfer in jet engine development.

The Stealth Nozzle Advantage: Why Russia’s Offer Matters

The most intriguing part of Russia's proposal is its offer to co-develop a flat, two-dimensional (2D) stealth nozzle for the AMCA. Unlike conventional round exhaust nozzles, flat nozzles—like those used on the American F-22 Raptor—help reduce an aircraft’s radar cross-section and infrared signature, enhancing its stealth characteristics.

The benefits of a flat nozzle include:

• Reduced Radar Signature: Traditional circular nozzles reflect radar waves more predictably, making an aircraft easier to detect. A flat nozzle scatters these waves in a less uniform manner, reducing visibility.

• Lower Infrared Signature: By shaping and cooling the exhaust plume, the nozzle makes it harder for heat-seeking missiles to lock onto the aircraft.

• Thrust Vector Control (TVC): Russia has experience integrating TVC nozzles, allowing for superior maneuverability—an advantage in aerial combat.

If India chooses to pursue this collaboration, the DRDO and HAL would work alongside UEC engineers to customize the nozzle for the AMCA airframe, possibly incorporating indigenous materials and control systems. This could provide India with valuable knowledge in engine design and stealth optimization—critical for its long-term goal of self-reliance in military aviation.

Challenges and Strategic Considerations

While the Russian proposal is technologically attractive, several risks and challenges must be considered:

• Development Status of Izdeliye 177S: The engine has yet to undergo extensive flight testing, and its reliability is not fully proven. Russia has indicated that it will only proceed with full-scale testing once confirmed orders are received.

• Integration Complexities: The AMCA's airframe has been designed around the lighter GE F414 engine. Adapting it for the heavier and more powerful Izdeliye 177S would likely require structural modifications, adding to development costs and timelines.

• Sanctions and Supply Chain Risks: Russia’s defence industry faces Western sanctions, which could impact the availability of critical components, affecting production schedules and long-term maintenance.

• Geopolitical Considerations: India has been diversifying its defence procurement strategy, reducing dependency on Russian systems. Committing to a Russian engine could limit future options for Western collaboration, especially as India strengthens defence ties with the US and France.

India’s Decision: A Balancing Act

If stealth superiority is the top priority, the flat nozzle co-development could be a game-changer for the AMCA. It would provide India with a technological edge over potential adversaries like China’s J-20 and upcoming J-36 fighters. Additionally, collaboration with UEC could accelerate India's expertise in advanced aero-engine technology, benefiting long-term indigenous projects.

However, India must weigh the risks. Alternative engine development offers from France or the US could provide a more stable and geopolitically secure path forward. The Izdeliye 177S may be powerful, but its unproven status, along with the complexities of airframe adaptation, makes it a high-risk, high-reward proposition.

Ultimately, India’s decision on the AMCA’s engine and stealth enhancements will shape the future of its air combat capabilities for decades. Whether it aligns with Russia for an F-22-style flat nozzle or pursues Western partnerships, the choice will be a defining moment for India’s quest for an advanced, indigenous fighter jet.