Indian Navy Pushes for Two Nuclear-Powered Attack Submarines Amidst Delays in 'Project Delta'
The Indian Navy has recently approached the government for approval to build two nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSNs) as part of its strategic efforts to counter growing threats in the Indo-Pacific region. With delays in the "Project Delta" plan—originally aimed at augmenting India's submarine fleet—the Navy is now pushing for domestic construction of SSNs to maintain a robust deterrent against regional adversaries.
The Strategic Imperative for SSNs
India’s need for SSNs stems from the strategic challenges posed by the expanding presence of the Chinese Navy in the Indian Ocean. SSNs, which are nuclear-powered but conventionally armed, offer significant advantages over conventional diesel-electric submarines. Unlike conventional submarines, which need to surface every few days to recharge their batteries, SSNs can stay submerged for extended periods, limited only by crew endurance and supplies. This capability allows SSNs to operate stealthily and for longer durations, making them ideal for long-range patrols and deterrence missions.
The speed of SSNs is another critical factor. While conventional submarines with air-independent propulsion can achieve underwater speeds of only four to five knots, SSNs can operate at speeds exceeding 20 knots, providing a tactical advantage in naval operations.
Project Delta and the Push for Domestic SSNs
"Project Delta" initially included plans to lease Russian Akula-class SSNs to bolster India’s underwater capabilities. However, the project has faced delays due to Russia's ongoing conflict with Ukraine and the resulting technological sanctions. With these delays likely extending into 2028, the Indian Navy has pivoted to domestic construction, seeking approval for two SSNs as the first step in a broader plan to build a fleet of six SSNs.
The move aligns with India’s long-term strategy to maintain a credible underwater deterrent. The Navy’s existing SSBNs (nuclear-powered submarines armed with ballistic missiles), including the INS Arihant and soon-to-be-commissioned INS Arighat, form the backbone of India’s nuclear triad. However, these submarines are designed for nuclear deterrence rather than conventional naval engagements, underscoring the need for SSNs in India's defense portfolio.
The Regional Security Landscape
The urgency for SSNs is further amplified by the increasing submarine activity of China and its allies in the Indian Ocean. Chinese submarines have been observed using the Ombai-Wetar straits near Australia to enter the Indian Ocean undetected. Additionally, China has equipped Pakistan with Yuan-class conventional submarines and provided Bangladesh with Ming-class submarines, complicating the security dynamics in the region.
Last year, a Chinese Song-class submarine even participated in naval exercises with Pakistan, demonstrating its capabilities in the waters off Karachi. Such developments highlight the need for India to bolster its own submarine fleet to effectively counter potential threats from these regional actors.
Moving Forward
While the Indian government, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, recognizes the strategic importance of SSNs, the decision now lies with the Ministry of Defence and India’s national security planners. The Navy must convince Defense Minister Rajnath Singh and other key stakeholders of the necessity to expedite the process, ensuring that India remains prepared to face any challenges in the Indo-Pacific.
As the Indian Navy continues to modernize its forces, the approval and subsequent construction of SSNs will be a critical step in strengthening India’s maritime security and maintaining a strategic edge in the region.
