China Debuts DF-61 ICBM in First Full Nuclear Triad Display

Beijing, September 3, 2025 — In a powerful show of force during the parade marking the 80th anniversary of victory over Japan, China officially unveiled its new Dongfeng-61 (DF-61) intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). The massive missile, transported on 16-wheeled transporter-erector-launchers (TELs) with canisters marked “DF-61,” drew global attention as the latest step in Beijing’s expanding nuclear arsenal. However, its operational readiness remains unconfirmed.

A Historic Nuclear Triad Display

For the first time, China showcased all three legs of its nuclear triad in one parade:

• DF-61 as the new land-based mobile ICBM,

• JuLang-3 submarine-launched ballistic missile,

• JingLei-1 long-range air-launched missile.

Other upgraded systems such as the DF-31BJ, DF-5C, and DF-26D also took part. The event underlined China’s intent to present itself as a full-spectrum nuclear power with diverse and survivable strike options.

DF-61: A Successor to DF-41?

The DF-61 is widely interpreted as a successor or complement to the DF-41, which entered service in the late 2010s. While official details remain undisclosed, past reports speculated that its potential capabilities may include:

• Range of 12,000–15,000 kilometers,

• Ability to carry multiple MIRVs (warheads that can target independently),

• Payload options including high-yield warheads up to several megatons,

• Possible use of a fractional orbital bombardment system (FOBS).

The TEL design closely resembles that of the DF-41, highlighting China’s focus on mobility and survivability in nuclear deployment.

Operational Status in Question

Unlike the DF-41, which was confirmed combat-ready by 2017, no such confirmation has been given for the DF-61. Analysts suggest that the missiles paraded may be mock-ups or prototypes, with real deployment status yet to be determined. Experts will be watching for signs of the DF-61 appearing at known missile brigades or in large-scale Rocket Force exercises to assess whether it is operational.

Broader Strategic Context

The unveiling of the DF-61 comes at a time of rapid nuclear expansion by the People’s Liberation Army Rocket Force (PLARF):

• By mid-2024, China had surpassed 600 nuclear warheads, with projections to exceed 1,000 by 2030.

• Construction is underway on at least three new ICBM silo fields, each expected to hold more than 100 launchers.

• Parallel development continues between silo-based DF-5 variants and mobile solid-fuel designs like the DF-31BJ and DF-61.

This modernization drive also includes hypersonic glide vehicles, intermediate-range missiles like the DF-26 and DF-27, and next-generation cruise missiles such as the CJ-100.

Significance

The DF-61’s parade debut marks not only the official recognition of a new missile but also the consolidation of China’s land-, sea-, and air-based nuclear forces into a credible strategic triad. Even if not yet fully operational, the missile’s presence signals Beijing’s determination to achieve greater nuclear deterrence and parity with other global powers, reshaping strategic balances into the next decade.