From Empire to Theocracy: The Rise of Iran’s Islamic Regime and the Fate of Its Former Monarchy in Iran

Once a beacon of modernization in the Middle East, Iran today stands as a deeply religious, politically isolated nation under clerical rule. How did this transformation take place? Who ruled before the current regime? Could the old order ever return? And what has been the price—particularly for women?

 The Shah’s Iran: A Modernizing Monarchy

Before 1979, Iran was ruled by the Pahlavi dynasty, first under Reza Shah Pahlavi (1925–1941), and later his son, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (1941–1979). The monarchy was deeply focused on modernization, centralization, and secularization. The Shah’s most ambitious initiative—the White Revolution (1963)—ushered in land reforms, women’s suffrage, industrialization, and education programs.

During the 1960s and 70s, Iran experienced an economic boom. Western fashion, cinema, music, and liberal values flourished in Tehran and other cities. Women were among the greatest beneficiaries: they could vote, hold office, become judges, and dress freely. Iran appointed its first female minister, Farrokhroo Parsa, in 1968—something unthinkable in today’s regime.

Iran’s capital was sometimes referred to as the “Paris of the Middle East,” and despite criticisms of autocracy, corruption, and inequality, the country was widely seen as an emerging modern state.

 The Islamic Revolution: Collapse of the Old Order

In 1979, following years of political repression, widening inequality, and backlash from the religious clergy, Iran erupted in protest. Leading the revolution was Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, an exiled Shia cleric who galvanized a coalition of Islamists, leftists, students, and traditionalists. On February 11, 1979, the monarchy collapsed. The Shah fled to Egypt; Khomeini returned from exile to Tehran, declaring the birth of an Islamic Republic.

Shortly after, a national referendum overwhelmingly backed the formation of this new theocratic system, replacing monarchy with “Velayat-e Faqih”—rule by Islamic jurists. The new constitution gave ultimate power to the Supreme Leader (Khomeini, and later Ali Khamenei), whose word overrides even that of the president or parliament.

The revolution also resulted in brutal purges of monarchists, liberals, and secularists. The Family Protection Law was repealed. Veiling became mandatory. Political dissent was silenced. And the once-Western-aligned Iran turned radically anti-American and anti-Israel.

Women’s Freedoms: Then and Now

Under the Shah (Pre-1979):

• Women had the right to vote (since 1963) and run for office.

• Female ministers and judges were common in the late 1970s.

• Women wore Western clothes freely in public.

• The marriage age was raised, and women had improved divorce and custody rights.

Under the Islamic Republic (Post-1979):

• Hijab became compulsory. Veil-police monitor public behavior.

• Women cannot sing publicly, and are banned from certain sports stadiums.

• Family law reverted to Sharia-based rules, disadvantaging women in divorce, custody, and inheritance.

• Yet paradoxically, female literacy and education soared—today, over 60% of university students are women.

• In recent years, women like Mahsa Amini (whose death in 2022 sparked nationwide protests) became symbols of a generation demanding reform.

The Islamic Republic Today

Iran is currently ruled by Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei (in power since 1989), and President Ebrahim Raisi, a hardliner elected in 2021. Institutions like the Revolutionary Guard (IRGC) wield massive influence, and elections are tightly controlled by the Guardian Council, which filters out reformist candidates.

The system is rigid, but it faces growing pressure from a restless population, especially among youth and women, who seek more freedoms and economic opportunities.

What Happened to the Old Regime?

Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi, son of the late Shah, now lives in exile in the U.S. He has no formal political power, but remains a symbol of opposition. In 2023–24, protests inside Iran saw chants like “Reza Shah, bless your soul!”, especially among young people who never lived under the monarchy but idolize its modern image.

While monarchist sentiment is rising among exiles and some inside Iran, there is no serious path to restoration under current conditions. The Islamic Republic’s power structure—anchored in the IRGC, clergy, and security forces—is deeply entrenched.

Who Comes After Khamenei?

At 85, Ali Khamenei’s death will trigger a major power transition. A body called the Assembly of Experts is tasked with selecting the next Supreme Leader, though insiders believe the IRGC will heavily influence the decision.

Some say Mojtaba Khamenei (Ali’s son) could succeed him, suggesting dynastic ambitions within the clerical framework. Others advocate for reform from within. A monarchist restoration would require not only regime collapse but mass domestic and elite support, which currently does not exist.

 Conclusion

Iran’s journey from a modern monarchy to an Islamic theocracy reshaped its identity, international standing, and social fabric. While the Islamic Republic has achieved ideological durability, it has come at the cost of personal freedoms—especially for women—and international isolation.

The old regime lives on in memory, particularly in the voices of younger Iranians yearning for a freer, more open society. But barring a political earthquake, the return of the Shah remains more nostalgic dream than imminent reality.